Distributed fiber optic sensor technologies function one single fiber as an array of sensors to in-situ monitor multi-parameters, such as geo-mechanical deformation (strain), temperature, acoustics, and pressure along the entire fiber or cable length. The sensor measures the acoustic signal at all points along many kilometers of the optical fibre as if it were string of microphones. The intelligent sensor works by injecting a pulse of laser light into the optical fibre. The optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure pressure, temperature, strain, and other quantities by modifying fiber so that the quantity to be measured modulates the intensity, polarization, phase, transit time, or wavelength of light in the fiber.
Optical fiber sensors have unique advantages, such as light weight, small size, high sensitivity, flexibility, robustness, immunity to the electromagnetic interference, and the ability to provide distributed or multiplexed sensing. Distributed fiber optic sensor is the sensor that uses optical fiber as both a transducer and a channel. This technology can measure the spatial and temporal variations of a variety of variables, including temperature. Depending on the environment, the frequency shift is directly proportional to changes in the acoustic velocity of the medium. The sensitivity of this sensor depends on the frequency range and spatial resolution of the system. In addition to the sensitivity of a sensor, a distributed fiber optic sensor also has a wide dynamic zone and non-uniform refractive index. The Global Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor Market was valued at US$ 1,529.8 Mn in 2020 and is expected to reach US$ 3,015.6 Mn by 2027 at a CAGR of 10.2% between 2021 and 2027. The advantages of this sensor over traditional optical sensors include their high performance-to-cost ratio and convenience. A distributed fiber optic sensor measures variables along a single fiber and acts as a distributed transducer. These types can be used to measure the temperature, strain, or both. The technology of distributed fiber optic sensors is revolutionizing the field of distributed multi-parameter measurements. The oil and gas industry, for example, has been one of the major contributors to the field. The technology has applications in energy exploration, monitoring, & production optimization. Hybrid systems that simultaneously measure both the temperature and vibration are game changers. Standard optical fibers are not very sensitive, which limits the system's potential for real-time applications. Furthermore, data processing requires large-scale hardware and software systems. Distributed fiber optic sensor can be used in many applications. For example, a utility operator can be warned of a potential gas line strike by using the technology, which detects changes in the environment. It can also differentiate between vibrations caused by backhoe engines and movement of cars. It has become one of the most new, innovative technologies available in the market today. It has been shown to be useful for detecting the temperature, strain, and vibration, but its spatial range is limited. Distributed fiber optic sensors allow the measurement of structural parameters, such as strain and temperature at thousands of locations along a single fiber sensor. Distributed sensing is a technology that enables continuous measurements along entire length of the fiber optic cable. As a result, external stimuli on the cable, such as changes in temperature and pressure, sound, strain, and vibration can be detected and located at any position along the length of the cable.
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